CSMA/CA is a modification of pure Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA). Collision avoidance is used to improve the performance of CSMA by attempting to be less "greedy" on the channel. If the channel is sensed busy before transmission then the transmission is deferred for a "random" interval. This reduces the probability of collisions on the channel.
CSMA/CA is used where CSMA/CD cannot be implemented due to the nature of the channel. CSMA/CA is used in 802.11 based wireless LANs. One of the problems of wireless LANs is that it is not possible to listen while sending, therefore collision detection is not possible. Another reason is the hidden terminal problem, whereby a node A, in range of the receiver R, is not in range of the sender S, and therefore cannot know that S is transmitting to R.
CSMA/CA can optionally be supplemented by the exchange of a Request to Send (RTS) packet sent by the sender S, and a Clear to Send (CTS) packet sent by the intended receiver R, alerting all nodes within range of the sender, the receiver, or both, to keep quiet for the duration of the main packet. This is known as the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS exchange.
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